Vein Treatments
Vein Treatments
Laser Ablation Vein Treatment
Symptoms that are resolved with laser ablation vein treatment in Los Angeles
Doctors can use laser ablation vein treatment for cosmetic reasons. However, doctors mostly use it to relieve symptoms of chronic venous disease, such as
- Aching
- Swelling
- Skin irritation
- Discoloration
- Inflammation
Laser ablation vein treatment is a safe & effective option.
Laser ablation vein treatment is a safe option. Less invasive than regular surgery, this method leaves almost no scars.
Benefits of treatment:
- No surgical incision is required.
- When people compare laser ablation vein treatment to other vein stripping techniques, they find it more effective.
- It features fewer complications than other methods used to treat chronic venous disease.
- Is considered generally complication-free and safe.
- Leaves virtually no scars.
- A majority of patients report no painful symptoms after treatment and may return to normal activities immediately.
- The medical team performs the procedure in the office setting using local anesthesia or a mild sedative, if needed.
Ready to Find Relief from Painful Varicose Veins?
Frequently Asked Questions
What is laser ablation vein treatment?
Is the procedure painful?
How long does the treatment take?
What is the recovery time after laser ablation vein treatment?
Are there any side effects or risks?
Will my varicose veins come back after treatment?
Radiofrequency ablation therapy
Dr. Haimesh Shah is a board-certified vein doctor in Los Angeles offering advanced minimally invasive radiofrequency ablation therapy for the treatment of incompetent veins.
Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy is a Minimally Invasive Procedure
Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive treatment for chronic venous insufficiency. This technique uses radio frequency energy (instead of laser energy) to heat up and damage the wall inside the vein. Radio frequency energy is directed through a thin tube (catheter) inserted through a small incision in the vein. This usually closes off an incompetent vein in the leg.
What to Expect from the Procedure
The entire procedure is done in the office setting using local anesthesia or a mild sedative, if needed. Patients are able to walk following the treatment and recovery time is typically short. After treatment, you will wear compression stockings for 1 week or more. A follow-up duplex ultrasound will be scheduled to make sure that the vein is closed.
How Well Does It Work?
When performed by a doctor with plenty of radiofrequency experience such Dr. Shah of Center for Vein Wellness, the chances of successful treatment are very promising. It is documented that radiofrequency ablation therapy works well in about 97 out of 100 people who have it.
What is Clativein?
ClariVein is a specially designed infusion catheter with a rotating wire tip for controlled 360-degree dispersion of sclerosant to the targeted treatment area. ClariVein® is a minimally invasive procedure, and can be performed in an office setting.

What to Expect from ClariVein Varicose Vein Treatment
A thin catheter (tube) is inserted into the peripheral vasculature through a pin-sized entrance point. Once positioned the rotating wire is activated to deliver the sclerosant. This leads to vein closure. ClariVein eliminates the need for injecting anesthesia around the vein via multiple needle pricks, for a comfortable experience.
After treatment, you will wear compression stockings for one week or more. A follow-up duplex ultrasound will be scheduled to make sure that the vein is closed.
Are You a Good Candidate for ClariVein?
Find out if you are a good candidate for minimally invasive ClariVein varicose vein treatment by scheduling a consultation or screening with our vein doctor in Los Angeles, Dr. Haimesh Shah.
Non-invasive sclerotherapy
Sclerotherapy is most often used for smaller varicose veins and spider veins. This procedure can eliminate the pain and discomfort of varicose veins and prevent complications, such as ulcers or vein bleeding. It may also be used simply to improve appearance.
Ultrasound Foam Guided Sclerotherapy
What to expect from sclerotherapy treatment.
Sclerotherapy uses an injection of a special chemical (sclerosant) into a varicose vein. The chemical irritates and scars the inside of the vein, making it collapse. Over the course of six months, the vein disappears. The entire procedure is done under duplex ultrasound guidance.
Sclerotherapy is considered non-invasive.
Ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy is a variation in which a foaming agent is mixed into the injection. The foaming agent moves blood out of the vein so that the chemical can come into better contact with the vein wall. During sclerotherapy treatments, you may feel small needle pricks as the vein is injected. After treatment, you will wear compression stockings for 1 week or more.
Ambulatory phlebectomy
Also known as Microphlebectomy, it is a minimally invasive treatment where your Los Angeles vein doctor uses a needle or scalpel to make micro-incisions to remove varicose veins on the surface of your leg.
Phlebectomy vein treatment
Dr. Haimesh Shah of Center for Vein Wellness performs microphlebectomy treatment on an outpatient basis (hence the name ambulatory phlebectomy) in his office.
Step 1: Marking the veins.
Some types of veins, including the perforator veins, pelvic veins, and truncal veins are only visible when using duplex ultrasound. Varicose veins, on the other hand, are clearly visible as they bulge through the surface of the skin when standing, and conceal themselves when lying down – like on the table.
As such, the bulging veins will need to be marked with a skin marker while you are standing up, allowing the physician to trace the exact position of the veins when you lie on the table. This is done by visual inspection of the varicose veins, palpation, and trans illumination of the skin, before tracing with a marker.
Step 2: Anesthesia application.
The area of procedure will then be cleaned, and the necessary preparations made with surgical drapes. There are some instances when phlebectomy is performed in conjunction with other treatments. If this is the case, phlebectomy will be performed last.
Otherwise, Dr. Shah will proceed by injecting a gentle local anesthetic into the skin around the veins, numbing both the veins and skin at the site of procedure. This injection can sting a bit, so you may request a mild, oral sedative.
Step 4: Closing the incisions.
The cuts made are so small that they don’t require stitching to close. Sticky tape is sufficient, and can be removed after 3 days.
Conservative therapy for venous insufficiency
We may recommend conservative therapy of venous insufficiency before seeking out minimally invasive treatment options for varicose veins and other venous disorder. This may provide you relief from symptoms of venous disease without requiring a medical procedure. Conservative therapy is required by insurance companies before other treatments can be considered. However, you MUST discuss with your physician prior to initiating conservative measures to know which therapy is right for you.
Compression
We recommend graduated compression stockings to be worn on a daily basis. Compression stockings are not intended to cure the underlying venous disease, but are effective in alleviating symptoms associated with venous disease. Compression stockings use graduated compression, which is highest at the ankle and helps prevent pooling of blood in the leg veins, which improves overall circulation.
Anti-Inflammatory Medications
Anti-inflammatory medications can treat pain and inflammation associated with venous disease. Generally, Tylenol or ibuprofen is recommended, however you must check with your physician prior to taking these medications.
Leg Elevation
You may also lie down and elevate your legs for a short period of time several times a day to reduce pressure in the leg veins and assist with blood flow.
Prescription Medication
Vasculera® is a prescription medication that reduces severity of symptoms associated with venous disease and also helps to heal ulcers. At present, it is not covered by insurance, and you have to pay out-of-pocket for the medication.
Non-Surgical Treatment Options
Patients that cannot be managed solely using conservative therapies, non-surgical treatment options may be used. Non-surgical, minimally invasive treatments are safe, relatively painless and help reduce or eliminate symptoms associated with venous disease.
Compression Therapy
If you are suffering from recurrent venous leg ulcers, you should discuss with your vein specialist regarding compression therapy. The treatment involves the use of specialized elastic or inelastic stockings, bandages, and upholstery to exert pressure on the legs to improve blood flow towards the heart.
Compression therapy is usually the first course of treatment for venous insufficiency or venous reflux, which is claimed to affect about 50 percent of the population. If properly applied, this treatment has been proven to improve healing rates in patients with venous leg ulcers (VLUs) and reduce ulcer recurrence.
Causes of impaired venous circulation
First, it is important to note that there are three kinds of veins in the body: deep veins located between muscle groups and carry most of the blood to the heart; superficial veins found just below the skin; and perforating veins that connect the superficial veins to the deep veins. All leg veins contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
Venous insufficiency occurs when the valves do not function properly, reducing the efficiency of the veins to carry blood back to the heart and allowing blood to flow backwards towards the legs. Valve malfunction occurs due to damage to vein wall or from venous thrombosis.
How compression therapy works
Compression bandages work by exerting pressure on the superficial veins to push blood into the deep veins. This facilitates blood delivery to the heart from the legs. This reduces the pooling effect of blood in superficial veins that manifests as inflammation and swelling. However, prior to initiating compression therapy, you must discuss with your physician whether it is the right treatment for you.
Compression therapy is often recommended following ablation, sclerotherapy and phlebecotmy.
Different levels of compression therapy
The compression systems used can contain both elastic and inelastic materials. Typical multi-layer systems operate as inelastic systems, though they contain primarily elastic components. Inelastic bandages have greater stiffness than elastic bandages, which is measured by assessing the pressure at the interface between the skin and the treatment when the patient is lying down and standing (static stiffness index – SSI). The difference between these two measurements is the SSI.
Effective compression treatment is achieved by accurately applying the bandage system to provide sufficient compression at rest and still work effectively when moving. All compression systems provide this, so your choice of bandage and hosiery system depends on your preference and specialist recommendation.
Compression therapy is not for everyone
While compression treatments are highly effective, they are not recommended for patients suffering from peripheral arterial disease (PAD) as it can cause gangrene, loss of the leg, and even heart failure. As such, consult Dr. Haimesh Shah to determine if compression stockings or compression therapy are right for you.
To learn more, please call our office @ 1.844.77.VEINS or conveniently contact us online here.
Minimally invasive vein treatments
Many people often seek vein treatment for cosmetic purposes. However, varicose veins, which appear as large, dark blue or purple veins bulging right under the surface of the skin, can also cause pain and discomfort. If not treated, they may even lead to complications.
Types of minimally invasive vein treatments
A few years back, the only way to treat varicose veins was through a surgical procedure known as “stripping,” where the physician made cuts in order to remove the affected leg veins while under general anesthesia.
Today, stripping is mostly a thing of the past with less invasive treatments like laser, injections, and radiofrequency ablation taking over. These procedures are performed by different specialists, including phlebologists (vein specialists), vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists, dermatologists, and plastic surgeons.
Minimally invasive treatments for veins include:
Sclerotherapy or injection therapy
This is usually the first option for treating small varicose veins, reticular veins, and spider veins. The process involves injecting a chemical irritant – sclerosant – into the vein to destroy and scar the inner lining and cause it to collapse.
Once the vein collapses, blood is forced to flow through alternative, healthier veins. Any sealed veins are gradually absorbed by your body and disappear after a while.
Radiofrequency energy or radiofrequency ablation
This technique is used to treat varicose veins by transmitting radiofrequency energy causing it to heat up, thicken, and collapse. The vein is usually numbed, so you feel no pain or discomfort. Eventually, the damaged vein is absorbed into the body and disappears.
Endovenous laser ablation
This procedure is similar to RF ablation. However, the physician uses laser energy to generate heat and scar the inside of the veins, cause it to collapse and close. Once scar tissue develops, the vein is gradually absorbed and begins to fade.
Minimally invasive vein treatment consultation
Minimally invasive vein treatments take 15 to 45 minutes, and usually require you to wear compression stockings afterwards for 1-2 weeks.
Keep in mind that your physician may only recommend these treatments if your venous disease is causing you distress, and self-care options have proven to be unsuccessful.
To schedule an appointment, please call our office @ 1.844.77.VEINS or schedule an appointment conveniently online here.
Varicose vein testing & diagnostic laboratory
Vascular ultrasound and other non-invasive diagnostic tools are used to find any blockage or abnormalities that exist within your veins such as blood clots, arteries, or locating the source of varicose veins.
We Utilize Non-Invasive Testing & Diagnostic Tools.
Venous duplex ultrasound remains the gold standard for diagnosing venous disorders. These studies are performed in our office using the latest and advanced ultrasound equipment. Treatment failures for spider and bulging veins are often due to overlooking problems with the superficial venous system in the legs. Our highly skilled and experienced ultrasound technicians are specially trained in evaluating patients with chronic venous disease. Besides venous duplex ultrasound, we also evaluate patients for peripheral arterial disease.
Our vascular lab is fully equipped to perform all sorts of non-invasive vascular tests as listed below:
- Venous Insufficiency
- Vein Mapping
- Lower Extremity Arterial Duplex Ultrasound
- Segmental Pressure with pulse Volume Recording (PVR)
- Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)
- Exercise Ankle Brachial Index
- Toe Brachial Index (TBI)
- Skin Perfusion Pressures (Laser Doppler)
- Venous Refill Time

Laser Ablation Vein Treatment
Symptoms that are resolved with laser ablation vein treatment in Los Angeles
Doctors can use laser ablation vein treatment for cosmetic reasons. However, doctors mostly use it to relieve symptoms of chronic venous disease, such as
- Aching
- Swelling
- Skin irritation
- Discoloration
- Inflammation
Laser ablation vein treatment is a safe & effective option.
Laser ablation vein treatment is a safe option. Less invasive than regular surgery, this method leaves almost no scars.
Benefits of treatment:
- No surgical incision is required.
- When people compare laser ablation vein treatment to other vein stripping techniques, they find it more effective.
- It features fewer complications than other methods used to treat chronic venous disease.
- Is considered generally complication-free and safe.
- Leaves virtually no scars.
- A majority of patients report no painful symptoms after treatment and may return to normal activities immediately.
- The medical team performs the procedure in the office setting using local anesthesia or a mild sedative, if needed.
Ready to Find Relief from Painful Varicose Veins?
Frequently Asked Questions
What is laser ablation vein treatment?
Is the procedure painful?
How long does the treatment take?
What is the recovery time after laser ablation vein treatment?
Are there any side effects or risks?
Will my varicose veins come back after treatment?
Radiofrequency ablation therapy
Dr. Haimesh Shah is a board-certified vein doctor in Los Angeles offering advanced minimally invasive radiofrequency ablation therapy for the treatment of incompetent veins.
Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy is a Minimally Invasive Procedure
Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive treatment for chronic venous insufficiency. This technique uses radio frequency energy (instead of laser energy) to heat up and damage the wall inside the vein. Radio frequency energy is directed through a thin tube (catheter) inserted through a small incision in the vein. This usually closes off an incompetent vein in the leg.
What to Expect from the Procedure
The entire procedure is done in the office setting using local anesthesia or a mild sedative, if needed. Patients are able to walk following the treatment and recovery time is typically short. After treatment, you will wear compression stockings for 1 week or more. A follow-up duplex ultrasound will be scheduled to make sure that the vein is closed.
How Well Does It Work?
When performed by a doctor with plenty of radiofrequency experience such Dr. Shah of Center for Vein Wellness, the chances of successful treatment are very promising. It is documented that radiofrequency ablation therapy works well in about 97 out of 100 people who have it.
What is Clativein?
ClariVein is a specially designed infusion catheter with a rotating wire tip for controlled 360-degree dispersion of sclerosant to the targeted treatment area. ClariVein® is a minimally invasive procedure, and can be performed in an office setting.

What to Expect from ClariVein Varicose Vein Treatment
A thin catheter (tube) is inserted into the peripheral vasculature through a pin-sized entrance point. Once positioned the rotating wire is activated to deliver the sclerosant. This leads to vein closure. ClariVein eliminates the need for injecting anesthesia around the vein via multiple needle pricks, for a comfortable experience.
After treatment, you will wear compression stockings for one week or more. A follow-up duplex ultrasound will be scheduled to make sure that the vein is closed.
Are You a Good Candidate for ClariVein?
Find out if you are a good candidate for minimally invasive ClariVein varicose vein treatment by scheduling a consultation or screening with our vein doctor in Los Angeles, Dr. Haimesh Shah.
Non-invasive sclerotherapy
Sclerotherapy is most often used for smaller varicose veins and spider veins. This procedure can eliminate the pain and discomfort of varicose veins and prevent complications, such as ulcers or vein bleeding. It may also be used simply to improve appearance.
Ultrasound Foam Guided Sclerotherapy
What to expect from sclerotherapy treatment.
Sclerotherapy uses an injection of a special chemical (sclerosant) into a varicose vein. The chemical irritates and scars the inside of the vein, making it collapse. Over the course of six months, the vein disappears. The entire procedure is done under duplex ultrasound guidance.
Sclerotherapy is considered non-invasive.
Ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy is a variation in which a foaming agent is mixed into the injection. The foaming agent moves blood out of the vein so that the chemical can come into better contact with the vein wall. During sclerotherapy treatments, you may feel small needle pricks as the vein is injected. After treatment, you will wear compression stockings for 1 week or more.
Ambulatory phlebectomy
Also known as Microphlebectomy, it is a minimally invasive treatment where your Los Angeles vein doctor uses a needle or scalpel to make micro-incisions to remove varicose veins on the surface of your leg.
Phlebectomy vein treatment
Dr. Haimesh Shah of Center for Vein Wellness performs microphlebectomy treatment on an outpatient basis (hence the name ambulatory phlebectomy) in his office.
Step 1: Marking the veins.
Some types of veins, including the perforator veins, pelvic veins, and truncal veins are only visible when using duplex ultrasound. Varicose veins, on the other hand, are clearly visible as they bulge through the surface of the skin when standing, and conceal themselves when lying down – like on the table.
As such, the bulging veins will need to be marked with a skin marker while you are standing up, allowing the physician to trace the exact position of the veins when you lie on the table. This is done by visual inspection of the varicose veins, palpation, and trans illumination of the skin, before tracing with a marker.
Step 2: Anesthesia application.
The area of procedure will then be cleaned, and the necessary preparations made with surgical drapes. There are some instances when phlebectomy is performed in conjunction with other treatments. If this is the case, phlebectomy will be performed last.
Otherwise, Dr. Shah will proceed by injecting a gentle local anesthetic into the skin around the veins, numbing both the veins and skin at the site of procedure. This injection can sting a bit, so you may request a mild, oral sedative.
Step 3: Phlebectomy procedure.
Using a sharp blade, the physician will make tiny incisions (2-3mm) over the veins in the marked areas.
A delicate hook-like instrument is then used to pull the varicose vein up through the skin, segment by segment. The vein is held and gently ‘milked’ out through the small cut until a sufficient amount has been pulled out, after which it is removed and discarded.
The entire process is relatively painless because the site has been numbed.
Step 4: Closing the incisions.
The cuts made are so small that they don’t require stitching to close. Sticky tape is sufficient, and can be removed after 3 days.
Conservative therapy for venous insufficiency
We may recommend conservative therapy of venous insufficiency before seeking out minimally invasive treatment options for varicose veins and other venous disorder. This may provide you relief from symptoms of venous disease without requiring a medical procedure. Conservative therapy is required by insurance companies before other treatments can be considered. However, you MUST discuss with your physician prior to initiating conservative measures to know which therapy is right for you.
Compression
We recommend graduated compression stockings to be worn on a daily basis. Compression stockings are not intended to cure the underlying venous disease, but are effective in alleviating symptoms associated with venous disease. Compression stockings use graduated compression, which is highest at the ankle and helps prevent pooling of blood in the leg veins, which improves overall circulation.
Anti-Inflammatory Medications
Anti-inflammatory medications can treat pain and inflammation associated with venous disease. Generally, Tylenol or ibuprofen is recommended, however you must check with your physician prior to taking these medications.
Leg Elevation
You may also lie down and elevate your legs for a short period of time several times a day to reduce pressure in the leg veins and assist with blood flow.
Prescription Medication
Vasculera® is a prescription medication that reduces severity of symptoms associated with venous disease and also helps to heal ulcers. At present, it is not covered by insurance, and you have to pay out-of-pocket for the medication.
Non-Surgical Treatment Options
Patients that cannot be managed solely using conservative therapies, non-surgical treatment options may be used. Non-surgical, minimally invasive treatments are safe, relatively painless and help reduce or eliminate symptoms associated with venous disease.
Compression Therapy
If you are suffering from recurrent venous leg ulcers, you should discuss with your vein specialist regarding compression therapy. The treatment involves the use of specialized elastic or inelastic stockings, bandages, and upholstery to exert pressure on the legs to improve blood flow towards the heart.
Compression therapy is usually the first course of treatment for venous insufficiency or venous reflux, which is claimed to affect about 50 percent of the population. If properly applied, this treatment has been proven to improve healing rates in patients with venous leg ulcers (VLUs) and reduce ulcer recurrence.
Causes of impaired venous circulation
First, it is important to note that there are three kinds of veins in the body: deep veins located between muscle groups and carry most of the blood to the heart; superficial veins found just below the skin; and perforating veins that connect the superficial veins to the deep veins. All leg veins contain valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.
Venous insufficiency occurs when the valves do not function properly, reducing the efficiency of the veins to carry blood back to the heart and allowing blood to flow backwards towards the legs. Valve malfunction occurs due to damage to vein wall or from venous thrombosis.
How compression therapy works
Compression bandages work by exerting pressure on the superficial veins to push blood into the deep veins. This facilitates blood delivery to the heart from the legs. This reduces the pooling effect of blood in superficial veins that manifests as inflammation and swelling. However, prior to initiating compression therapy, you must discuss with your physician whether it is the right treatment for you.
Compression therapy is often recommended following ablation, sclerotherapy and phlebecotmy.
Different levels of compression therapy
The compression systems used can contain both elastic and inelastic materials. Typical multi-layer systems operate as inelastic systems, though they contain primarily elastic components. Inelastic bandages have greater stiffness than elastic bandages, which is measured by assessing the pressure at the interface between the skin and the treatment when the patient is lying down and standing (static stiffness index – SSI). The difference between these two measurements is the SSI.
Effective compression treatment is achieved by accurately applying the bandage system to provide sufficient compression at rest and still work effectively when moving. All compression systems provide this, so your choice of bandage and hosiery system depends on your preference and specialist recommendation.
Compression therapy is not for everyone
While compression treatments are highly effective, they are not recommended for patients suffering from peripheral arterial disease (PAD) as it can cause gangrene, loss of the leg, and even heart failure. As such, consult Dr. Haimesh Shah to determine if compression stockings or compression therapy are right for you.
To learn more, please call our office @ 1.844.77.VEINS or conveniently contact us online here.
Minimally invasive vein treatments
Many people often seek vein treatment for cosmetic purposes. However, varicose veins, which appear as large, dark blue or purple veins bulging right under the surface of the skin, can also cause pain and discomfort. If not treated, they may even lead to complications.
Types of minimally invasive vein treatments
A few years back, the only way to treat varicose veins was through a surgical procedure known as “stripping,” where the physician made cuts in order to remove the affected leg veins while under general anesthesia.
Today, stripping is mostly a thing of the past with less invasive treatments like laser, injections, and radiofrequency ablation taking over. These procedures are performed by different specialists, including phlebologists (vein specialists), vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists, dermatologists, and plastic surgeons.
Minimally invasive treatments for veins include:
Sclerotherapy or injection therapy
This is usually the first option for treating small varicose veins, reticular veins, and spider veins. The process involves injecting a chemical irritant – sclerosant – into the vein to destroy and scar the inner lining and cause it to collapse.
Once the vein collapses, blood is forced to flow through alternative, healthier veins. Any sealed veins are gradually absorbed by your body and disappear after a while.
Radiofrequency energy or radiofrequency ablation
This technique is used to treat varicose veins by transmitting radiofrequency energy causing it to heat up, thicken, and collapse. The vein is usually numbed, so you feel no pain or discomfort. Eventually, the damaged vein is absorbed into the body and disappears.
Endovenous laser ablation
This procedure is similar to RF ablation. However, the physician uses laser energy to generate heat and scar the inside of the veins, cause it to collapse and close. Once scar tissue develops, the vein is gradually absorbed and begins to fade.
Minimally invasive vein treatment consultation
Minimally invasive vein treatments take 15 to 45 minutes, and usually require you to wear compression stockings afterwards for 1-2 weeks.
Keep in mind that your physician may only recommend these treatments if your venous disease is causing you distress, and self-care options have proven to be unsuccessful.
To schedule an appointment, please call our office @ 1.844.77.VEINS or schedule an appointment conveniently online here.
Varicose vein testing & diagnostic laboratory
Vascular ultrasound and other non-invasive diagnostic tools are used to find any blockage or abnormalities that exist within your veins such as blood clots, arteries, or locating the source of varicose veins.
We Utilize Non-Invasive Testing & Diagnostic Tools.
Venous duplex ultrasound remains the gold standard for diagnosing venous disorders. These studies are performed in our office using the latest and advanced ultrasound equipment. Treatment failures for spider and bulging veins are often due to overlooking problems with the superficial venous system in the legs. Our highly skilled and experienced ultrasound technicians are specially trained in evaluating patients with chronic venous disease. Besides venous duplex ultrasound, we also evaluate patients for peripheral arterial disease.
Our vascular lab is fully equipped to perform all sorts of non-invasive vascular tests as listed below:
- Venous Insufficiency
- Vein Mapping
- Lower Extremity Arterial Duplex Ultrasound
- Segmental Pressure with pulse Volume Recording (PVR)
- Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)
- Exercise Ankle Brachial Index
- Toe Brachial Index (TBI)
- Skin Perfusion Pressures (Laser Doppler)
- Venous Refill Time

